Before the widespread internetworking that led to the Internet, most communication networks were limited by their nature to only allow communications between the stations on the network, and the prevalent computer networking method was based on the central mainframe computer model. Several research programs began to explore and articulate principles of networking between separate physical networks, leading to the development of the packet switching model of digital networking. These research efforts included those of the laboratories of Donald Davies (NPL), Paul Baran (RAND Corporation), and Leonard Kleinrock's MIT and UCLA.The research led to the development of several packet-switched networking solutions in the late 1960s and 1970s,[1] including ARPANET and the X.25 protocols.
Additionally, public access and hobbyist networking systems grew in popularity, including unix-to-unix copy (UUCP) and FidoNet. They were however still disjointed separate networks, served only by limited gateways between networks. This led to the application of packet switching to develop a protocol for inter-networking, where multiple different networks could be joined together into a super-framework of networks. By defining a simple common network system, the Internet protocol suite, the concept of the network could be separated from its physical implementation. This spread of inter-network began to form into the idea of a global inter-network that would be called 'The Internet', and this began to quickly spread as existing networks were converted to become compatible with this. This spread quickly across the advanced telecommunication networks of the western world, and then began to penetrate into the rest of the world as it became the de-facto international standard and global network. However, the disparity of growth led to a digital divide that is still a concern today.
Following commercialisation and introduction of privately run Internet Service Providers in the 1980s, and its expansion into popular use in the 1990s, the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce. This includes the rise of near instant communication by e-mail, text based discussion forums, and the World Wide Web. Investor speculation in new markets provided by these innovations would also lead to the inflation and collapse of the Dot-com bubble, a major market collapse. But despite this, the Internet continues to grow.
Monday, May 4, 2009
History of the Internet
Friday, May 1, 2009
TEDDY BEAR SO SWEET
The teddy bear is a stuffed toy bear. It is an enduring, traditional form of a stuffed animal, often serving the purpose of comforting children. In recent times, some teddy bears have become expensive collector's items. Teddy bear collectors are known as arctophiles from the Greek words arctos (bear) and philos (lover).
The name Teddy Bear comes from the November 1902 American President Theodore Roosevelt's hunting trip to Mississippi, to which he was invited by Mississippi Governor Andrew H. Longino. There were several other hunters competing, and most of them had already shot something. A suite of Roosevelt's attendants, led by Holt Collier,[1] cornered, clubbed, and tied an American Black Bear to a willow tree after a long exhausting chase with hounds. They called Roosevelt to the site and suggested that he should shoot it. He refused to shoot the bear himself, deeming this unsportsmanlike,[2] but instructed that the bear be killed to put it out of its misery, and it became the topic of a political cartoon by Clifford Berryman in The Washington Post on November 16, 1902.[3] While the initial cartoon of an adult black bear lassoed by a white handler and a disgusted Roosevelt had symbolic overtones, later issues of that and other Berryman cartoons made the bear smaller and cuter.[4]
Morris Michtom saw the drawing of Roosevelt and the bear cub and was inspired to create a new toy. He created a little stuffed bear cub and put it in his shop window with a sign that read "Teddy's bear," after sending the bear to Roosevelt and receiving permission to sell the bears. The toys were an immediate success and Michtom founded the Ideal Novelty and Toy Co., which still exists today.[2]
At the same time, in Germany the Steiff firm, unaware of Michtom's bear, produced a stuffed bear from Richard Steiff's designs. They exhibited the toy at the Leipzig Toy Fair in March 1903 and exported 3000 to the United States.[5][2][6]
By 1906 manufacturers other than Michtom and Steiff had joined in and the craze for Teddy Bears was such that ladies carried them everywhere, children were photographed with them, and Roosevelt used one as a mascot in his bid for re-election.[5]
American educator Seymour Eaton wrote the children's book series The Roosevelt Bears,[7] while composer John Bratton wrote "The Teddy Bear Two Step" which, with the addition of Jimmy Kennedy's lyrics, became the song "The Teddy Bears' Picnic".[8]
Thursday, April 30, 2009
THE MOST EXPENSIVE CIGARATE
MADRID, Spain (Reuters): It's the world's most expensive cigar -- $440 each and it only comes in boxes of 40 -- but is it the best? Nobody knows because no one has smoked one.
The Cuban havanas from the Cohiba brand are so precious that no one has actually lit one yet, although the blend was tested by a group of tasters before the cigar went into hand-made production, according to Norma Fernandez, the "torcedora" or cigar-roller from the El Laguito factory in Havana.
The cigar was launched in Spain on Thursday by Altadis, the exclusive importer of Cuban cigars into Spain.
When they say "hand-made", they mean it. In this case there were only two hands involved and they both belong to Norma -- she rolled all 4,000 cigars in the strictly limited edition -- a labour of love.
"I've been doing this for 39 years but I still love it," said Norma who admits to smoking cigarettes and the odd Cohiba panatella and was selected from the senior rollers for this special task.
Fernandez also had the honour of deciding on the tobacco blend to be used which was designed to honour 40 years of the Cohiba brand, being true to the house style but giving this cigar a special touch.
"But I'm not going to reveal the formula," she told reporters.
The Cohiba "Behike", named after a tribal chief of Cuba's indigenous Taino tribe, can only be bought in special humidors -- $18,860 for the 40 cigars.
A lot of money. But maybe not for someone who can appreciate this delicate blend of the world's most selected tobacco leaves. Either way, just like the cheapest old stogie, it'll be up in smoke.
THE EXPENSIVE PEN
Limited Edition Mystery Masterpiece, The Most Expensive Pen Ever Created
I'm not sure how you would write with it, but the Limited Edition Mystery Masterpiece, a joint creation between Montblanc and Van Cleef & Arpels, is one amazing pen. Both companies celebrated their centennials in 2006 and the pen is meant to showcase each company's area of expertise. There are three variations, set either with rubies, sapphires or emeralds, and accented by diamonds. There are three versions of each pen for a total of nine. Each pen has 840 diamonds and more than 20 carats of gemstones set in a Van Cleef & Arpels patented "Mystery Setting" that conceals the stone settings. A groove is made on the culet, the bottom facet of the stone, which is then slid onto the threads of the lattice design so that the stones can be held in place side by side without any visible support. The Mystery sells for $730,000, making it the most expensive writing instrument ever created. Truly a masterpiece of the jeweler's art, I just wish I could wear it around my neck.
THE FIRST CAR
The very first self-powered road vehicles were powered by steam engines and by that definition Nicolas Joseph Cugnot of France built the first automobile in 1769.
Most history books say that the automobile was invented by either Gottlieb Daimler or Karl Benz? It is because both Daimler and Benz invented highly successful and practical gasoline-powered vehicles that ushered in the age of modern automobiles. Daimler and Benz invented cars that looked and worked like the cars we use today. However, it is unfair to say that either man invented "the" automobile. The vehicle Cugnot invented did not look or work like a modern automobile, but never the less it was a self-powered vehicle, and therefore an automobile, and it was the first.
Wednesday, April 29, 2009
THE FIRST MOTORCYCLE
At the 1885, Gottlieb Daimer dan wilhem maybach, investor from germanyfind the motorcycle for the frist time. At the beginning this creation called ‘reitwagen’ and motorcycle is motorized vehicle that machine propelled.
Over the last two years, we’ve featured all kinds of racer-replica GSX-Rs, Fireblades, R1s and ZX-10Rs etc here on Faster and Faster. But this is one replica that’s really different – it’s a replica of the 1885 Gottlieb Daimler Reitwagen, the very first motorcycle ever made!
Shown at the Australian Motorcycle Expo, in Melbourne, the Gottlieb Daimler replica has been built by one Phil Mumenthaler, who says it took him about 850 man-hours and around $100,000 to replicate the 123-year-old original.
Mumenthaler says he started with a plank of wood bought from a local store, and 18 months down the line, with a huge amount of money spent on hundreds of custom-built parts, the Gottlieb Daimler replica was ready.
For those who need a quick reminder, it was German engineer Gottlieb Daimler who invented the first petrol-engined motorcycle in 1885. With its wooden ‘chassis’ and wheels, the 1885 Gottlieb Daimler Reitwagen (‘riding car’) was fitted with a single-cylinder, four-stroke petrol engine.
With an engine capacity of less than 100cc, and a power output of around one horsepower at 600rpm, the Gottlieb Daimler Reitwagen could hit a top speed of almost 12km/h. The rest, as they say, is history…
Tuesday, April 28, 2009
PEANUT MOST EXPENSIVE
macadamia peanut. The tree yield once during 7 until 10 years. The peanut contains 80% oil and 4% sugar. The price macadamia until 30$
Macadamia is a genus of nine species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a disjunct distribution native to eastern Australia (seven species), New Caledonia (one species M. neurophylla) and Sulawesi in Indonesia (one species, M. hildebrandii).
They are small to large evergreen trees growing to 2–12 m tall. The leaves are arranged in whorls of three to six, lanceolate to obovate or elliptical in shape, 6–30 cm long and 2–13 cm broad, with an entire or spiny-serrated margin. The flowers are produced in a long slender simple raceme 5–30 cm long, the individual flowers 10–15 mm long, white to pink or purple, with four tepals. The fruit is a very hard woody globose follicle with a pointed apex, containing one or two seeds.
The genus is named after John Macadam, a colleague of botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, who first described the genus.[1] Common names include Macadamia, Macadamia nut, Queensland nut, Bush nut, Maroochi nut, Queen of Nuts and bauple nut; Indigenous Australian names include gyndl, jindilli, and boombera.
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